2018


Time: 3 Hours

Max Marks: 50


PART – A


Answer the following questions in one sentence each. (10 x 1 = 10)


Q1. Write down two main features of modern prospective of Political Science.

Ans. The two main features of the modern perspective of Political Science are the study of power dynamics and the adoption of behavioural analysis.

  1. Focus on Power: This perspective shifts the focus from the formal structures of government and law to the practical realities of how power is exercised, distributed, and influenced in society. It examines the interactions between various state and non-state actors in the political sphere.
  2. Behavioural Approach: The modern perspective applies scientific methods and empirical observation to understand and explain human political behaviour. This involves analysing the actions, attitudes, and motivations of individuals and groups within the political system.


Q2. What is post-behaviouralism?

Ans. Post-behaviouralism is an approach that emerged in the late 1960s, arguing that research should not only focus on scientific methods and data (as behaviouralists did) but also stay connected to real-world problems and moral responsibilities. In simple terms, it says political study should be both scientific and socially relevant.


Q3. Write three types of authority to Max Weber.

Ans. According to Max Weber, there are three types of sources of authority: -


1. Traditional – when the right to rule emerges from a continuous use of political power based on customs and traditions.

Eg.: Monarchy


2. Charismatic – when the right to rule springs from the great qualities of head and heart of the political leaders.

Eg.: Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr.


3. Legal-Rational – when the right to rule emerges from the constitutional rules.

Eg.: President of U.S. etc.


Q4. Name out two National Parties.

Ans. Bharatiya Janta Party (BJP) and Indian National Congress (INC).


Q5. Write any two merits of multiparty system.

Ans. Two merits of multiparty system are:

  1. The nation is not divided into two camps.
  2. Parliament does not become a puppet in the hands of the cabinet.


Q6. What is liberty?

Ans. Liberty is the freedom to make choices and act according to your own will without unreasonable restrictions. It does not mean the license to do anything you want; rather, it is the condition that allows you to develop your personality and potential fully.


According to Laski, “Liberty is the larger maintenance of that atmosphere in which men have the opportunity to be at their best selves.”


Q7. What is monistic sovereignty?

Ans. The Legal or Monistic theory of sovereignty is most closely associated with John Austin, who developed this classical theory in the 19th century as part of his legal positivist approach. This theory views sovereignty as the supreme, absolute, and indivisible authority within a political system.


Q8. Give an appropriate definition of Political Science according to the traditional view.

Ans. According to the traditional view, Political Science is defined simply as the study of the State and the Government. It focuses primarily on the nature of the State and the formal institutions used to administer it, rather than human political behaviour.


Q9. What is Indirect democracy?

Ans. In indirect democracy, also known as representative democracy, people elect representatives who make decisions and pass laws on their behalf.

Examples: India, United States, United Kingdom.


Q10. What is Justice?

Ans. The word justice is derived from the Latin words “Jungere” (to bind, to tie together) and “Jus” (a bond/tie).


As a bonding or joining idea, justice serves to organise people together into a right or fair order of relationships by distributing to each person his/her due share of rights and duties, rewards and punishments.


PART – B


Answer the following questions in 4-5 lines each. Each question carries 4 marks. (4 x 4 = 16)


Q11. Point out the safeguards of liberty.

Ans. Following safeguards are necessary for the protection of Liberty:


1. Eternal Vigilance – Vigilance among people is very necessary for the protection of liberty. Men should be aware of their liberty, rights and duties. If they are not aware of their responsibilities towards liberty, they will lose their liberty.


2. Democratic Government – For the development of liberty, democratic government provides an appropriate atmosphere. Democratic government is of the people and is responsible to the people. Government can be changed according to time and man has liberty to express his thoughts and views and to criticize the government. People do not let the government to limit the liberty of people.


3. Co-operation between the People and the Government – Government can protect liberty only when the people give proper co-operation to the Government. If the people do not obey the laws and do not help in apprehending the culprits, government cannot protect the liberty. The people should strongly oppose any attack on their liberty and they should support the government to suppress such elements.


4. Fundamental Rights – Fundamental Rights should be included in the constitution and there should be arrangement for the protection of those Fundamental Rights. Fundamental Rights act as a shield for the protection of freedom and create proper conditions for the enjoyment of liberty. According to some scholars, rights and liberty are the two sides of the same coin and in the absence of rights, there is no place of liberty.


5. Separation of Powers – The powers of the government should be separated among executive, legislature and the judiciary. This will help in preventing any organ of the government to become absolute. Every organ of the government will operate in its own framework.


According to Montesquieu, “separation of powers is an essential condition for the enjoyment of liberty and the countries where there is separation of powers the people enjoy more liberty.”


6. Independent Judiciary – Independent, powerful and impartial judiciary is the biggest protector of liberty. Whenever any individual, organization or government violates the liberty of an individual he/ she can knock at the door of the judiciary and where there are no such provisions, the liberty becomes just a mockery.


Q12. Write arguments against Political Science as a Science.

Ans. Here are few arguments against political science as a science:


1. Human behaviour is unpredictable: Politics deals with people, and human actions often change with emotions, interests, and situations. This makes it difficult to form strict, universal laws like those in natural sciences.


2. Lack of exact measurement: Political ideas such as power, authority, or public opinion cannot be measured with complete precision. Because results cannot always be quantified, it reduces the scientific accuracy of the subject.


3. Influence of values and biases: Political studies are often affected by personal, cultural, or ideological viewpoints. Since objectivity is hard to maintain, political research does not always meet scientific standards of neutrality.


4. No fixed or universal laws: Political systems vary widely across societies and time periods. What works in one country may fail in another, making it difficult to create permanent and universally valid political laws.


These points explain why some thinkers argue that Political Science cannot be considered a full-fledged science.


Q13. Write the types of Fundamental Rights.

Ans. Fundamental Rights are often called the "Magna Carta" of the Indian Constitution. They are essential because they guarantee that every citizen can live with dignity, equality, and freedom, protecting individuals from the misuse of power by the state.


Currently, there are six categories of Fundamental Rights guaranteed by Part III of the Constitution:


1. Right to Equality (Articles 14–18):

This ensures that everyone is treated equally in the eyes of the law. It prohibits discrimination based on religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth. It also ensures equal opportunity in public employment and abolishes untouchability and titles.


2. Right to Freedom (Articles 19–22):

This is often considered the backbone of democracy. It grants citizens basic liberties, including:

  1. Freedom of speech and expression.
  2. Freedom to assemble peacefully and form associations.
  3. Freedom to move freely and settle anywhere in India.
  4. Freedom to practice any profession.


3. Right against Exploitation (Articles 23–24):

This right is designed to protect the vulnerable. It strictly bans human trafficking, forced labour (begar), and the employment of children under the age of 14 in hazardous jobs like factories or mines.


4. Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25–28):

Since India is a secular state, this right gives every citizen the freedom to profess, practice, and propagate any religion of their choice. It also ensures that religious groups can manage their own affairs without government interference.


5. Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29–30):

This right specifically protects the interests of religious and linguistic minorities. It allows minorities to conserve their distinct language, script, or culture and gives them the right to establish and administer their own educational institutions.


6. Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32):

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar called this the "Heart and Soul of the Constitution." This right empowers citizens to move directly to the Supreme Court if any of their other Fundamental Rights are violated. Without this right, the other rights would be meaningless.


These rights are not absolute; reasonable restrictions can be imposed on them for the safety and security of the nation. However, they remain the primary tool for ensuring that democracy in India belongs to the people.


Q14. How many main elements of state?

Ans. Modern State is constituted of 4 elements: -


1. Population –

  1. State is the highest of all human associations.


  1. It is a human institution and there can be no State without human beings. A population of some kind is necessary for the existence of the State.


  1. No State can exist in an inhabited land, nor can a definite piece of land without human habitation is called a State.


  1. A State being a human institution can never exist without human beings, nor can living beings other than humans constitute a State.


2. Territory –

  1. It covers the surface of land with well-demarcated boundaries from the soil, lakes, rivers, and also air space above the land.


  1. According to Bluntschli, “as the State has its personal basis on its land so it has its material basis in land. The people do not become State until they have acquired territory. Territory is one of the basic requirements of the State whereas human activities don’t indispensably require territory. The co-existence of two or more states on the same territory could lead to continuous state of war or conflicts.”


3. Government –

  1. Government is also an indispensable element of the state because no state can exist in the absence of Government.


  1. A group of people permanently settled in a fixed territory cannot constitute a State in the absence of Government.


  1. Government is the political organisation through which collective will of the people is formulated, expressed and executed.


  1. The State operates through governmental machinery. Government is the agency through which society is politically organised, common policies are determined and by which common affairs are regulated and common interest are promoted in the absence of a government.


  1. A group of people permanently settled in a fixed territory would be incoherent, unorganised and an anarchic mass with no means of collective action.


  1. No particular type of government is essential, it may vary in kind and complexity.


  1. If two governments are formed in a country, the country is divided into two states.


  1. In the absence of government, no state can afford to exist.


4. Sovereignty –

  1. It is regarded as life and soul of the state. There can be no State in the absence of Sovereignty.


  1. The word Sovereignty has been derived from the Latin Term “Supranus”, which mean “Supreme”.


  1. It is Sovereignty that differentiates the State from all other social organisations.


  1. State is the only human institution that has all the essential elements including Sovereignty.


  1. The sovereignty of the State is expressed through the government which is supreme in internal and external matters.


PART – C


Answer the following questions in 400 words each. Attempt any three. Each question carries 8 marks. (3 x 8 = 24)


Q15. Explain the concept of Power.

Ans. Power refers to the ability or capacity of an individual or group to influence, control, or direct the behaviour of others, often in the context of governance, law, and public policy. Power determines who gets what, when, and how, making it central to understanding political structures, institutions, and relations.


Classical thinkers like Machiavelli, Hobbes, Weber, and Marx have explored various dimensions of power, from coercive and legitimate power to ideological and economic dominance. Modern perspectives further examine how power is diffused in democratic systems and how it intersects with issues such as rights, justice, governance, and accountability.


According to Herbert and Edward Shills, “Power is the ability to influence the behaviour of others in accordance with one’s own ends.”


Powers is not absolute. It is relative and used in relation to something. It is the capacity of an individual to modify the conduct of other individuals or group in the manner which he desires.


Sources of Power:

Various sources of power are as follows: -


1. Legal-Rational Authority – It is one of the most widely accepted and institutionalized sources of power in modern political systems. It is derived from a system of well-established laws, rules, and procedures. Individuals or institutions exercising this kind of power do so because they hold positions defined by legal norms, such as elected officials, judges, or civil servants. The legitimacy of their power comes not from personal qualities or traditions, but from adherence to legal procedures and constitutional frameworks. This form of authority is the backbone of modern democratic governance, where power is regulated and limited by the rule of law.


2. Traditional Authority – It stems from long-standing customs, cultural practices, and historical precedents. In societies where tradition plays a dominant role, power is often inherited or passed down through generations, such as in monarchies or tribal leadership. The legitimacy of traditional authority lies in its continuity with the past, where people obey leaders not because of legal rules or personal charisma, but because “it has always been that way.” While traditional authority can provide stability and social cohesion, it may also resist change and reform.


3. Charismatic Authority – It arises from the personal appeal, vision, or extraordinary leadership qualities of an individual. This type of power is based on the ability of a leader to inspire devotion and loyalty among followers, often during times of crisis or transformation. Leaders such as Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr., or Nelson Mandela exemplify this kind of authority. Their power is not institutionalized, and it usually fades once the leader is gone unless it is transformed into legal-rational or traditional forms.


4. Coercive Power – Coercive power is based on the ability to use force, threats, or sanctions to influence or control behaviour. It is commonly associated with the military, police forces, and authoritarian regimes where obedience is secured through fear or repression rather than consent. While some degree of coercive power is necessary for maintaining law and order, excessive reliance on it can lead to violations of rights and freedoms.


5. Economic Power – Economic power refers to the control over material resources, wealth, and the means of production. Individuals or groups who possess substantial economic assets often influence political decisions and legal outcomes, directly or indirectly. This type of power can manifest through lobbying, campaign financing, or corporate influence over policy. Marxist theory gives particular emphasis to economic power, arguing that the legal and political systems are largely shaped by the dominant economic class.


6. Knowledge or Informational Power – In contemporary societies, knowledge and access to information have become significant sources of power. Experts, scholars, media professionals, and technocrats often shape public opinion, influence policy decisions, and even frame legal arguments. The rise of information technology has enhanced this form of power, where control over digital data, surveillance systems, or media narratives can be as influential as legal or military authority.


7. Ideological Power – Ideological power derives from the ability to shape the beliefs, values, and worldviews of people. This can be exercised through religion, education, media, or political discourse. Ideological power is subtle and often operates by making certain ideas appear natural or unquestionable. Antonio Gramsci’s theory of cultural hegemony highlights how dominant classes maintain power not only through force or wealth, but also by controlling ideology and shaping consent.


Each source of power: legal-rational, traditional, charismatic, coercive, economic, knowledge-based, and ideological, offers a different perspective on how authority is established and maintained in society.


Kinds of Power:

Power can be classified into the following categories: -


1. Legitimate Power – Legitimate power refers to power that is recognized as rightful by those subject to it. It is based on consent, acceptance, or legality, and is often institutionalized within a political or legal framework.


It is further classified as:


a. Traditional Power: it is based on customs, traditions, and long-established practices. It is seen in feudal or pre-modern societies where legitimacy came from tradition, not from democratic processes.

For eg.: monarchies where Kings or Queens rule by hereditary rights (British Monarchy).


b. Charismatic Power: it is derived from the personal charm, leadership qualities, or vision of an individual leader. This power is often unstable and depends on the continued perception of the leader’s charisma.

For eg.: leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, Martin King Luther Jr., or Nelson Mandela.


c. Constitutional Power: it is derived from a legal-rational framework like a Constitution or set of laws. It is seen in modern states governed by rule of law and constitutional democracy (India, USA).


2. Illegitimate Power – Illegitimate Power is not recognised as rightful by those over whom it is exercised. It often relies on force, coercion, or manipulation, rather than law or consent. It often leads to resistance, civil unrest, and lack of stability. Such power lack moral or legal authority.

For eg.: Dictatorships established through coups, authoritarian regimes, or military takeovers (Hitler in Nazi Germany, military rule in Myanmar).

 

3. Direct Power – Direct power involves overt and visible control over other’s actions, often through command or enforcement mechanisms. This form of power is clearly exercised and can be measured. Its common in bureaucracies, law enforcement, and formal institutions.

For eg.: a government enforcing laws through the police or judiciary; a court ordering a decision to be implemented.

 

4. Indirect Power – Indirect power is stable and operates behind the scenes, influencing beliefs, values, or preferences without direct coercion. It is crucial in democratic societies where soft power, persuasion, and influence matter more than brute force.

For eg.: media shaping public opinion, cultural norms influencing behaviour, education shaping ideology. 


Characteristics of Power:

Various characteristics of power are as follows: -


1. Power is the Capacity to Influence the Behaviour of Others - An individual or certain nation wields power to the extent he is capable of changing other’s behaviour according to his wish. Power is the capacity of an individual to get things done from others according to his desire.


2. Power is a certain kind of Relationship – Power can be exercised only in relation to others. This establishes a kind of relationship. For the use of power, presence of some actor or subject is essential so that the power can be used to get desired actions. The one who exercises the power and the one on whom the power is exercised.


3. Power is Situational – It depends on situation, circumstances and position. A teacher may exercise power on his student while he is in college but once the student is outside the college, he cannot. Likewise, one may use power and authority on his subordinates, but they may not accept his power when he retires.


4. Power depends on its Use – The President has powers but he does not use them as he is merely a Constitutional Head. The President of the USA has vast powers and he actually uses them.


5. Power Must Be Backed by Sanction – If the capacity of a person to get things done by others is devoid of coercion, that capacity or ability cannot be called power.


Q16. Write a note on Marxian theory of property.

Ans. The Marxian theory of property views property not simply as an individual’s possession, but as a social relationship that grows out of the way goods are produced in society. For Marx, the key issue is not personal items like houses or clothes, but the means of production, i.e., factories, land, machines, and resources that generate wealth. In capitalist society, these means of production are privately owned by a small group of capitalists who earn profit through the labour of workers. Since workers do not own productive resources, they must sell their labour to survive, which Marx saw as the basis of exploitation.


According to Marx, this system of private ownership results in a concentration of wealth and power in the hands of a few, while the majority remain dependent and economically vulnerable. He believed that such inequalities are not accidental; they are built into the capitalist structure itself. Therefore, he argued that true economic and social fairness could only be achieved by abolishing private ownership of the means of production and replacing it with a system where productive resources are collectively owned, as in a socialist society.


Arguments in Favour of the Theory

Supporters of Marx’s view offer several arguments:


1. Private property promotes exploitation: They argue that when a small group controls the means of production, they can extract surplus value from workers, leading to persistent inequality.


2. Private property can obstruct economic stability: Critics of capitalism claim that profit-driven production leads to waste, overproduction, and recurring economic crises. A system based on collective ownership is seen as more responsive to social needs.


3. Private property may limit creativity: Marxists believe that competition for profit creates narrow self-interest, whereas a collectively organised system can encourage people to contribute their abilities for the common good.


4. Private property fuels class conflict: The unequal distribution of wealth creates constant tension between the capitalist class and workers. Ending private ownership is viewed as a way to reduce such conflict and build a more peaceful society.


Arguments Against the Theory

However, several objections are also raised:


1. Private property is seen as a basic right: Critics argue that owning property is essential for individual freedom and autonomy. They believe Marx’s model undervalues this right.


2. Socialist systems have struggled in practice: Historical experiences of socialist states are often cited to highlight issues like slow growth, bureaucratic control, and political repression.


3. Abolishing property violates individual rights: Opponents argue that nationalising property involves forceful seizure, which infringes on personal liberty.


4. The theory is too deterministic: Some critics say Marx places too much emphasis on economic structures, ignoring the role of personal choice, cultural differences, and political freedoms.


5. The link to authoritarian regimes: Because some governments used Marxist ideas to justify concentration of power, critics view the theory with suspicion.


Public vs Private Property in Marx’s View

Marx distinguishes sharply between private and public property. Private property refers to resources controlled by individuals or businesses for personal gain, while public property is owned collectively, usually managed by the state for the benefit of society. Under capitalism, private property in the means of production enables exploitation. In contrast, public ownership in a socialist system is expected to ensure a fairer distribution of wealth.


Some Marxists believe that in a fully communist society, private property in productive resources would vanish entirely, while others think limited private ownership could coexist with socialist values.


Conclusion

Overall, the Marxian theory of property links ownership with power, inequality, and class relations. It argues that changing property relations is essential for transforming society and reducing exploitation. Whether one agrees with it or not, it remains one of the most influential critiques of capitalism in political theory.


Q17. Define Political party. Discuss the importance of political parties in democracy.

Ans. A political party is a core institution in political science, defined as an organized group of people with broadly similar political aims and opinions, who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government. They seek to promote the collective good based on an agreed-upon set of policies and programs, often encapsulated in their party platform or manifesto.


According to Gilchrist,

“A Political Party may thus be defined as an organised group of citizens who prefer to share the same political views and who by acting as a political unit try to control the government.”


Elements of Political Parties:

A political part typically consists of three main elements: -


1. The Leader/Leaders - The top-level individuals responsible for formulating policies, making major decisions, and serving as the public face of the party.


2. The Active Members - Those directly involved in party activities, organization, meetings, and spreading the party's ideology at the grassroots level.


3. The Followers – Ordinary citizens who believe in the party’s principle and policies, showing support primarily by voting for the party’s candidates in elections.


Essentials of Political Parties:

Four things are essential for the formation of political parties: -

  1. The people should be organised.
  2. There should be similarity of principles.
  3. The aim of the Political Party should be to attain political power.
  4. A political party should use peaceful means for attaining political power.


Importance of Political Parties in Democracy:

Political parties are often described as the “lifeblood of democracy,” because democratic governance cannot function smoothly without them. They act as a bridge between the people and the government, ensuring that public opinion is transformed into concrete policies and collective action. Their importance becomes clearer when we see the key roles they play in democratic political life.


1. Structured way for citizens to participate

Political parties provide a structured way for citizens to participate in politics. In a large, complex society, it is impossible for every individual to directly influence government decisions. Parties organise people with similar views and interests, enabling them to express their demands collectively. This transforms scattered public opinions into organised political pressure.


2. Contesting Elections

Political parties are essential for contesting elections. They select candidates, design election campaigns, present manifestos, and mobilise voters. Without political parties, elections would become chaotic, and citizens would find it difficult to choose among numerous independent candidates with no clear policy direction. Parties give voters ideological clarity and offer alternative programmes for national development.


3. Forming and running the government

In parliamentary democracies, the party (or coalition) with a majority forms the government, while the others act as the opposition. This ensures accountability because the ruling party must explain and justify its decisions, while the opposition questions policies, exposes errors, and presents alternative solutions. This healthy tension strengthens democratic governance.


4. Political Education

Through meetings, campaigns, debates, and public speeches, parties inform citizens about national issues, government policies, and their rights and duties. They help ordinary people understand complex political, social and economic matters, thereby deepening democratic awareness.


5. Policy Formulation

Moreover, parties perform the vital task of policy formulation. They develop programmes based on their ideology and the needs of society. Whether the issue is economic development, social justice, national security, or welfare schemes, parties debate these matters and propose solutions. This competition of ideas enriches democracy and encourages well-thought-out policies.


6. Integrating diverse social groups

In countries with cultural, religious, or linguistic diversity, political parties act as instruments of social accommodation. They bring together people from different backgrounds and build consensus on national issues. This reduces conflict and promotes unity.


7. Political Stability

Finally, political parties help maintain political stability. By offering leadership, managing transitions of power, resolving disagreements within the political system, and channelling public discontent into peaceful forms of protest, they prevent political chaos and ensure continuity.


In summary, political parties are indispensable to democracy. They organise public opinion, contest elections, form governments, educate citizens, integrate diverse groups, and maintain political accountability. Without political parties, a democratic system would remain incomplete and ineffective.


Q18. Define State and discuss the distinctions between State and Government.

Ans. State is the highest institution among all institutions. The Greek used the word “Polis”, which corresponds most nearly to the English term “State”. The Greeks used the word “Polis” for “City States”. The Romans used the word “Civitas”, which also mean the same. The Teutons employed the term “Status”, which was used as State. The modern term “State” was derived from the word “Status”.

It was Machiavelli, who first used the word State in Political Science.


  1. Aristotle defined State as, “a union of families and religions having for its end a perfect and self-sufficing life, by which we mean a happy and honourable life.”


Distinction between State and Government:

The term government and state at times are used interchangeably. The stewards of England didn’t differentiate between State and Government. They did so to justify their absolute authority. It was John Locke in the 19th Century, who first differentiated between the State and the Government.


There are many differences between the State and the Government which established that the Government cannot attain the status of statehood:


1. Government is the Agent of the State – Government is an organisation or machinery through which the state benefits itself. Woodrow Wilson has remarked that the state is juristically organised in its government and can only speak through the government. It is also said that the government is the agency or machinery through which the collective will of the people of the State is formulated, expressed and executed.

Thus, the Government serves as an agent who carry the purpose of the State.


2. Government is Only Part of the State – Government is only one of the four basic elements which constitute a State. It is an important constituent because State cannot function without Government. It is the Government that carries out the purpose of the State and maintain law and order in society.


3. State possess Sovereignty, but Government doesn’t – There can be no State without Sovereignty. A State claims the status of Statehood once it attains Sovereignty. The Government does not attain sovereignty because in democracy, state sovereignty is transferred to public and people are regarded as the source of power.


4. Government changes frequently but the State remains more or less Permanent – Government changes frequently or can collapse due to certain reasons and other political party might get a chance to form their own government.


5. State is Uniform throughout but the Governments are of many kind – Government is of many types such as parliamentary, presidential, communist, monarchical, military rule etc. but the State is uniform whatever kind of government is created within the State.


6. Membership of the State is compulsory but not of the Government – Every person by virtue of his birth or his blood relation is member of the state but it entirely depends upon the will of the people to become a member of the government or not.


7. Territory is an Essential Characteristic of the State but not of the Government – Fixed territory is an essential element of the state but not of the government. No state can exist without a territory but a government can function without territory also. At times, the government of the state is established in some other state and still can function when re-established in its own state.


8. State is Abstract but Government is Concrete – State is not concrete and does not have any practical concern. So far as government is concerned, it is practical. It has its own concrete establishment. It carries out the purpose of the state to its various department and agencies.

According to Laski, “State is nothing but Government, and assumes complete reality in the Government only.”


9. People can Oppose the Government but not the State – People cannot afford to oppose the State because they have no right to do so. Government is servant of the State and if it goes against collective will of the people, then people can oppose the Government.


10. The State includes the whole Population but the Government includes only a few people – The whole population of the state forms an essential component of the state but the government includes only those people who actively participate in the functioning of the government.