Political Science - I : Previous Year Questions (2017)

2017

Time: 3 Hours                                                                                                  

Max Marks: 50

PART – A

Answer the following questions in one sentence each. (10 x 1 = 10)

Q1. Name out two Behaviouralists.

Ans. David Easton and Robert Dahl.

Q2. Two characteristics of traditional perspective of Political Science.

Ans. Two characteristics of traditional perspective of Political Science are:

1. Normative Orientation - This approach is value-based, focusing on how politics should be rather than just on how it is. It explores political ideals, morality, and justice, and believes the study of politics cannot be purely scientific or value-neutral.
2. Focus on formal institutions - It prioritizes the study of formal structures such as the state, government, and legal systems. This often involves a descriptive and historical analysis of these institutions and their roles, with less emphasis on the actual political processes or non-political factors that influence behaviour.

Q3. Name out two proponents of Pluralistic theory of Sovereignty.

Ans. Harold Laski and Robert MacIver.

Q4. Define Human Rights.

Ans. Human beings are born equal in dignity and rights. These are moral claims which are inalienable and inherent in all individuals by virtue of their humanity alone, irrespective of any difference or any other consideration. These claims are articulated and formulated and what is today known as Human Rights.

Q5. Write down two Civil and Political Rights.

Ans. Civil Rights include:

1. Right to Life
2. Right to Education

Political Rights include:

1. Right to Vote
2. Right to Contest Elections

Q6. Define Positive Liberty.

Ans. The positive concept of liberty refers to “Liberty with reasonable restrictions.” It is in line with the social atmosphere and maintains that it is based on the socio-economic and political conditions of the society. It emphasises upon the social and economic aspects of liberty.

Q7. Name out two Pressure Groups.

Ans. Two pressure groups are:

1. Trade Union or Labour Organisation
2. For example: All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC)
3. Agrarian or Peasant Organisation
4. For example: Bharatiya Kisan Union

Q8. Define Legitimacy.

Ans. Legitimacy is the popular acceptance and recognition of the right of an authority such as a government, ruler, or legal institution to govern or enforce laws. It is a value whereby something or someone is recognised and accepted as right and proper.

According to Max Weber, legitimacy is what differentiates authority from mere power. While power can be enforced through force, legitimate authority is obeyed because it is viewed as rightful.

Q9. Define Democracy.

Ans. Democracy is a system of government in which power ultimately rests with the people. Citizens participate in decision-making either directly or through elected representatives. According to Seeley, “Democracy is a government in which everyone has a share.”

Q10. Write down the name of John Rawls Book regarding Justice.

Ans. A Theory of Justice, published in 1971.

PART – B

Answer the following questions in 4-5 lines each. Each question carries 4 marks. (4 x 4 = 16)

Q11. Differentiate between Behaviouralism and Post-Behaviouralism.

Ans.

Q12. Describe the functions of welfare state.

Ans. Functions of a Welfare State are as follows:

1. Social Security: It provides support to people during old age, unemployment, illness, or disability through pensions, insurance schemes, and other welfare benefits.

2. Provision of Basic Services: The state ensures access to essential services such as education, healthcare, housing, clean water, and sanitation so that every citizen can live with dignity.

3. Reducing Inequality: Through policies like progressive taxation and welfare programmes, the state works to narrow the gap between the rich and the poor.

4. Protection of Workers and Social Justice: It safeguards labour rights, ensures fair wages and safe working conditions, and promotes justice so that no group in society is exploited.

These functions together help create a more equal, secure, and humane society.

Q13. Describe the Liberal concept of Property.

Ans. Liberal theory of property is based on the basic assumptions that property is the reward of one’s labour. The justification of private property is that it gives incentive to labour. Any individual who is capable and hardworking can accumulate property in a free market society.

Among the liberal thinkers, John Locke was the chief exponent of the theory of property as the fruit of labour. His view was supported by various liberal writers like Adam Smith, JS Mill and Green.

Locke made property not only natural right but also legal right. He also imposed certain restrictions on the Right to Property –

1. One must leave enough for others.
2. Private property can only be that in which man has mixed his own labour.

The law of nature provided that state was a system of rights and obligations. The natural rights included the rights to life, liberty, and property. The greatest of these rights was the right to property. Property was an essential attribute of personality.

Q14. Describe the types of Equality.

Ans. There are four kinds of equality: -

1. Social Equality – Social Equality means that all the citizens are entitled to enjoy equal status in the society and no one is entitled to special privileges. There should not be any distinction of caste, creed, colour and race, groups and classes, clans and tribes. All should have an equal opportunity to develop their personality. Untouchability has been abolished and its practice has been forbidden.

2. Civil Equality – Civil laws should treat all the individuals equally. There should not be any discrimination of superior and inferior, rich and poor, etc. In the eyes of Rule of Law, all are equal.

3. Political Equality – It means equal access of the people to the avenues of political authority. All citizens must possess similar political rights; they should have similar voice in the working of the government and they should have equal opportunities to participate in political affairs of the country. Universal Adult Franchise is a means to this end.

4. Economic Equality – It is closely related to political equality. Professor Laski also emphasises on association of economic equality with political equality. It refers to the idea that all individuals in a society should have similar levels of income, wealth, and access to basic resources like education, healthcare, and housing. It's often linked to the political goal of social justice and ensuring that economic disparities don't lead to unequal political power.

PART – C

Answer the following questions in 400 words each. Attempt any three. Each question carries 8 marks. (3 x 8 = 24)

Q15. Write down an essay on Post-Behaviouralism.

Ans. Behaviouralism came as a revolution and like every revolution, it could hold real ground only for a short span of time.

In his presidential address, at the 65^th meeting of the American Political Science Association, held at New York in September, 1969, David Easton himself, one of the leading advocates of Behaviouralism made a powerful attack on the Behavioural position and advocated the need to re-adjust and reform Behaviouralism in the light of past experience and need of the society.

Meaning and Definition of Post-Behaviouralism:

1. Post-Behaviouralism is not a revival of Traditionalism –

According to David Easton, “Post-Behaviouralism is future oriented seeking to propel Political Science in new directions and to add rather than to deny its past heritage. It is a genuine revolution not reaction, a becoming not a preservation, a reform not a counter reform.”

2. Post-Behaviouralism is a Reform Movement within Behaviouralism –

According to David Easton, “the batteries of Post-Behaviouralism are Relevance and Action. It appears to be a specific and important episode in the history of our discipline, if not in all the social sciences. It involves conscious efforts on the part of Behaviouralists turned Post-Behaviouralists to reform their movements.”

Causes for the emergence of Post-Behaviouralism:

The following factors led to the emergence of Post-Behaviouralism: -

1. Failure of Behaviouralists in converting Political Science in a Natural Science – Behaviouralism’s core goal was to transform political science into a "natural science" by using quantitative methods and focusing on observable behaviour. However, its strict adherence to this model often resulted in a limited understanding of political phenomena. Post-Behaviouralists argued that the complexities of human behaviour and political systems couldn't be fully captured by a methodology borrowed from the natural sciences. The subjective nature of human values, intentions, and political contexts couldn't be ignored in favour of purely objective data.

2. Failure of Behaviouralists in establishing regular norms regarding human behaviour – Behaviouralism aimed to discover universal laws of human behaviour through empirical research. The hope was to create a predictive science of politics, much like physics or chemistry. However, post-Behaviouralists pointed out that human behaviour is dynamic and context-dependent, making it impossible to establish stable, predictable "laws." The insights gained from behavioural studies often failed to hold true across different cultures, time periods, or political situations.

3. Behaviouralists Ignore the Importance of Values – A central tenet of Behaviouralism was value-free research, where the scholar was supposed to be a neutral observer, separating their personal values from their scientific work. Post-Behaviouralists, led by David Easton, vehemently criticized this approach. They argued that ignoring values made political science irrelevant. Politics is inherently about values such as justice, equality, and freedom and a discipline that ignores these is failing to address the most crucial aspects of its subject matter. They believed that political scientists had a moral responsibility to use their knowledge to address societal problems and advocate for certain values.

4. Irrelevance and Non-Performance of Behaviouralists – By focusing so intently on methodological rigor and quantifiable data, Behaviouralism became detached from the pressing social and political issues of the 1960s, such as the Vietnam War, the Civil Rights Movement, and global inequality. Post-Behaviouralists felt that behavioural political scientists were spending too much time on abstract, highly technical research that had no practical relevance. They criticized the ivory tower mentality, arguing that political science should be a force for social change, not just an academic exercise. This criticism was encapsulated in David Easton's famous cry, "relevance and action."

5. Post-Behaviouralism is the Demand of the Era – The emergence of Post-Behaviouralism was not just an internal academic debate but also a reflection of the tumultuous political climate of the 1960s. The social and political upheavals of the time demanded that political scientists be more engaged and relevant. The younger generation of scholars felt that the behavioural approach was intellectually and morally bankrupt for its inability to provide meaningful solutions to the crises of the day. Post-Behaviouralism was, in essence, a call for political science to reconnect with its normative roots and address the ethical and moral dimensions of politics. It sought to balance the empirical rigor of Behaviouralism with a renewed focus on values and social relevance.

Characteristics of Post-Behaviouralism:

David Easton who had at one stage enumerated 8 characteristics of Behaviouralism and called them intellectual foundation stones of the movement, now came out with 7 major characteristics of Post-Behaviouralism.

He describes these as the credo of relevance.

1. Substance is Important than Technique.

Substance must come before any consideration of tools and techniques. Foremost attention should be paid to the choice of purposeful, relevant and meaningful problems of the society. It is better to be vague than non-relevant, or precise.

2. Emphasis upon Social Change.

Social change, and not preservation of the status quo, should be its motto. Previously, Behaviouralism mostly confined itself to description and analysis of facts, and overlooked broader social context. As such, in many cases, they could not understand the contextual meaning of facts.

3. To Find Out Reliable Solutions of Contemporary Problems and Face Reality.

Scholars should take up social conflicts, deepening fears, and worries about the future as their subjects of study, and try to find out their solutions. They have to face hard realities of politics, and not to run away from them.

4. Values are Part and Parcel of the Study of Politics.

Unlike the past, values should be given a central place and made the basis of choice of problems, research, and evaluation. Scientism, value-neutrality, sophistication, etc., has to be given up. They merely transform the scholars into technicians of Political Science.

5. Major Role of Intellectuals in Protection of Human Values.

The main task of scholars was now to protect and defend human values and seek welfare of the whole world. Failing which they degrade themselves merely to mechanics, technicians and propellers of the mechanical structure of the present society. They should rise above bare Behaviouralism, and labour to defend human values.

6. Political Science is both an Action Science and Contemplative Science.

To know is to bear the responsibility for acting and to act is to engage in reshaping society. In place of sheer contemplation, the scholars must come forward with action to actualise the contents of their knowledge.

7. Politicisation of the Profession is Inescapable and Desirable.

It pleads for the politicisation of the professions. In other words, the intellectuals must discover proper goals for the society and make it move to realise them. They have a positive role to play, and organise themselves to undertake the tasks.

Thus, Post-Behaviouralism intends to transform the academic, professional and valuational contents of Political Science. The latter has to cater both to the social as well as academic needs of society.

Q16. Elaborate the theories of Elite.

Ans. Aristotle held that some persons are fit to rule while others are fit to be ruled over. Elite means “Chosen Few”. Elite consists of those people who come at the top because of their superior quality.

The Elite Theory consists of the idea that there are two groups:

1. The selected few who govern the society because of their ability.
2. The vast masses who are governed because they are destined to be ruled.

The Elite Theory assures that men can be equal in the eyes of the God but they are not so in the eyes of the men; rather we can say each other.

Different Approaches of the Elite Theorists:

1. Pareto:

Pareto held the opinion that in every society there are people who possess in a marked degree the qualities of intelligence, character, skill, capacity, of whatever kind. He agrees that elite possess certain qualities on the basis of which they come at the top. He calls these qualities as “Residues”. By “Residues” he means those qualities owing to which one can come at the top.

Pareto has given six kinds of Residues:

1. Residues of Combination
2. Residues of Persistence of Aggregates
3. Residues of Manifestation of Sentiments through External Acts
4. Residues of Sociability
5. Residues of the Integrity of Personality
6. Residues of Sexuality

According to Pareto, there are two kinds of elites:

1. Governing Elites - This group consists of individuals who play a direct or indirect role in running the state. They are the ones who hold positions of authority and make decisions that affect the public.

1. Non-Governing Elites - This includes all other elites who are not directly involved in government, such as intellectuals, artists, or prominent business leaders. While they lack formal political power, they can still exert significant influence on society and government.

Circulation of Elites:

According to Pareto, revolutions occur when class circulation slows down, i.e., the time taken is more when one elite vacates and the other new elite grabs the position.

2. Gaetano Mosca:

He strongly refused the classification of the government given by Aristotle, which divided the Governments into Monarchy, Aristocracy, Oligarchy, and Democracy. He favoured only Oligarchy. He also believed in the theory of “Circulation of Elites”. He was sceptical towards Democracy and opposed it.

According to Mosca, in any type of society, at any point of history, there are two class of people:

1. A Class that Rules – contains a number of people and possess all political power and privileges.
2. A Class that is Ruled – contains large number of people and is subjected to the rule of the ruler class. It provides essential instrumental for political organisation.

3. Robert Michell:

Robert Michell is associated with “Iron Law of Oligarchy”. He is best known for his book “Political Parties”. According to him, “Organisation” is simply another way of spelling “Oligarchy”. For him, powers are vested in the leadership of any organisation. It cannot be checked and made accountable for everything. This forms the central principle of elitism.

Contemporary Elite Theories:

1. Ortega Y. Gasset:

He evolved the theory of the masses. He says that people choose their leaders upon whom they pour out their vast store of vital enthusiasm. These leaders are men of outstanding ability and always lead the masses. He asserts that the masses revolt when the aristocracy become corrupt and inefficient. And the motive is not that they have objection to be ruled by aristocracy, but would like to be ruled by a more competent aristocracy.

2. C. Wright Mills:

C.W. Mills in his work, “The Power Elite”, propounds an elite theory to explain the nature of American Political System. He combines the elements of traditional elitist theory with the Marxist theory of ruling class.

According to Mills, the rule of power elite is a special characteristic of a developed society only such as the U.S. after World War – II.

Criticism of Elite:

1. Elite Cannot Control the Whole Sphere of Political Activity – Pluralists argue that political power is fragmented and dispersed among numerous competing groups (interest groups, lobbies, associations) and institutions, rather than being concentrated in a single, unified elite. Different elite groups may specialize in different policy areas (e.g., economic elite, military elite, political elite) and may even clash or have differing interests. The concept of 'sub-elites' or 'counter-elites' also suggests that power is not a simple top-down flow and that the elite must often compete, negotiate, and compromise with these other groups, thus failing to control the entire political sphere.

2. Wealth and Political Position Cannot Be Proportionate – Political authority is fundamentally distinct from economic power. While wealth is a critical resource for gaining political access (e.g., funding campaigns), it is not a direct substitute for legitimacy, organizational skill, or popular support. A person with immense wealth can be a disastrous political leader. Political leaders must respond to constraints like public opinion and electoral cycles, forcing them to often enact policies (like taxes or regulations) that are against the immediate interests of the wealthiest class, demonstrating a lack of perfect proportionality.

3. Elites are More Concerned About their Personal Interest than the Interests of the Whole Community – Critics argue that because the elite are a small, relatively homogenous group with shared backgrounds and interests, they naturally tend to formulate public policy and make decisions that benefit their own class and status, such as tax policies favourable to the wealthy, regulations that protect large corporations, or foreign policies that serve their economic interests, rather than the 'collective good' or the interests of the masses. This self-serving behaviour leads to political alienation and distrust among the non-elite, who perceive the political system as rigged against them.

4. Ideas of the Elites Never Create Values – The criticism suggests that the elite's 'ideas' or ideologies are often primarily focused on justifying and preserving their own power and the existing social order (i.e., they are an ideology of legitimation). These ideas, therefore, do not represent truly new, transformative, or universal values that guide societal progress or moral consensus. Instead, their "ideas" are seen as a form of manipulation or 'false consciousness' designed to secure the consent of the masses, rather than genuine moral or philosophical contributions that create shared community values. The values that genuinely move a society (e.g., justice, liberty, equality) often emerge from broader social struggles, not from the top-down pronouncements of a ruling minority.

5. Elites do not Rule with their Inherent Ability – Modern empirical critiques often find that the elite's position is a result of institutional arrangements, organizational power, and access to resources rather than innate superiority. For example, Robert Michel’s’ “Iron Law of Oligarchy” posits that all large organizations, including political parties, inevitably develop a ruling elite not because these leaders are inherently superior, but because the organizational necessity (the need for bureaucracy, expertise, and continuous leadership) makes their rule indispensable and their entrenchment inevitable. The elite rule by virtue of their strategic organizational position and control over information and resources, not by a natural, inherent, or superior 'ability'.

Q17. Describe the features and types of Democracy.

Ans. The word Democracy is derived from two Greek words, “Demos” (People) and “Kratos” (Power). Thus, Democracy means “Power of the People”.

According to Seeley, “Democracy is a government in which everyone has a share.”

Features/Advantages:

Various features/advantages of Democracy are as follows: -

1. A Good Written Constitution –

A written constitution is the backbone of a democratic system. It provides the legal framework for the functioning of the government and outlines the division of powers, citizens' rights, and the limits of authority.

The constitution is seen as the supreme law of the land, ensuring both governance and accountability. A good constitution ensures clarity, consistency, and continuity, allowing institutions to function without arbitrary interference.

Example: India’s Constitution, the longest written constitution in the world, ensures a federal structure with a strong central government, fundamental rights, and directive principles.

2. Independent, Impartial and Periodical Elections –

Regular, free, and fair elections are a cornerstone of democracy. They enable citizens to choose their representatives and hold them accountable. Independence of the Election Commission and use of technology (like EVMs and VVPATs in India) ensure transparency and impartiality. Periodic elections ensure that power is not concentrated indefinitely in the hands of one group or party, preventing autocracy.

3. Fundamental Rights –

Democracies guarantee certain basic rights to all citizens, such as freedom of speech, religion, equality, and protection against discrimination. These rights are essential to ensure individual liberty and human dignity. Fundamental rights are viewed as inviolable guarantees that protect minorities and marginalized groups.

Example: Part III of the Indian Constitution provides for Fundamental Rights which are justiciable, i.e., enforceable by courts.

4. Independence of Judiciary –

A strong and independent judiciary is essential for upholding the rule of law and safeguarding the Constitution. The judiciary acts as the guardian of the Constitution and the protector of Fundamental Rights. It ensures checks and balances among the organs of government—Legislature, Executive, and Judiciary. The doctrine of separation of powers is key to ensuring judicial independence.

5. Welfare State –

Democracy is closely linked with the idea of a welfare state, where the government works for the social and economic well-being of the people. The state takes proactive steps to reduce inequalities and ensure access to education, healthcare, and employment.

Example: The Directive Principles of State Policy (Part IV of the Indian Constitution) provide guidance for achieving a welfare state.

6. Effective Opposition –

A healthy democracy encourages a strong and constructive opposition that can critique government policies and offer alternative solutions. Opposition is vital for accountability, transparency, and preventing majoritarianism. An effective opposition enhances debate, ensures diverse representation, and prevents the abuse of power. Parliamentary systems (like India) recognize the Leader of the Opposition with official status and roles.

7. Political Parties Are Crucial –

Political parties are essential for the functioning of representative democracy. They help in mobilizing public opinion, forming governments, and linking the people with the political system. Parties provide candidates, create policy platforms, and facilitate political participation. Parties are studied as intermediary institutions between the state and civil society. A multi-party system, as in India, ensures pluralism and representation of diverse interests.

8. People are the Ultimate Source of Sovereignty –

In a democracy, sovereignty lies with the people, and all authority flows from the collective will of the citizens. This concept is rooted in the theory of popular sovereignty (e.g., Rousseau, Locke).

Example: The Preamble to the Indian Constitution begins with "We, the People of India...", emphasizing this principle.

9. Free Press and Media –

An independent press is vital to a democratic society. It acts as a watchdog, ensures informed citizenry, and facilitates public discourse. Media is seen as the fourth pillar of democracy, alongside Legislature, Executive, and Judiciary. Free press exposes corruption, educates the public, and provides a platform for multiple voices. In modern democracies, both traditional media and digital platforms play key roles in political participation and transparency.

Each of these features ensures that democracy is not just a form of government, but a system that promotes liberty, equality, and justice.

Kinds of Democracy:

Democracy is broadly categorized based on how the will of the people is expressed and how the government functions. The main kinds are:

1. Direct Democracy

1. Definition: In direct democracy, the people directly participate in decision-making and law-making without intermediaries.
2. Features:
3. Citizens vote on every major issue or policy.
4. Suitable for small societies or communities.
5. Examples: Ancient Athens; modern use in referendums and initiatives (e.g., Switzerland).

2. Indirect (Representative) Democracy

1. Definition: In indirect democracy, people elect representatives who make decisions and pass laws on their behalf.
2. Features:
3. More practical for large, complex societies.
4. Ensures accountability through regular elections.
5. Examples: India, United States, United Kingdom.

3. Parliamentary Democracy

1. Definition: A form of representative democracy where the executive (government) is drawn from and accountable to the legislature (parliament).
2. Features:
3. Prime Minister is the head of government.
4. Close relationship between legislative and executive branches.
5. Example: India, United Kingdom.

4. Presidential Democracy

1. Definition: A system where the executive is separate from the legislature and elected independently.
2. Features:
3. President is both head of state and government.
4. Clear separation of powers.
5. Example: United States, Brazil.

5. Constitutional Democracy

1. Definition: A form of democracy governed by a constitution that limits the powers of government and protects individual rights.
2. Features:
3. Rule of law and fundamental rights are upheld.
4. Courts can review laws and actions of the government.
5. Example: India, Germany.

Conclusion:

Different kinds of democracy reflect the diverse ways in which political power can be structured and exercised while upholding the core principle of popular sovereignty. Understanding these forms is crucial for analysing governance models in constitutional democracies like India.

Q18. What do you mean by Liberty? Discuss various safeguards of Liberty.

Ans. The word “Liberty” has been derived from the Latin word “Liber”, which means absence of restraints.

If we accept this meaning of Liberty, then men are free to do whatever he wants to do. But, this is the negative aspect of liberty. In fact, liberty is possible only with restraints.

According to McKechnie, “Freedom is not the absence of all restraints, rather the substitution of rational for the irrational one.  

Safeguards of Liberty:

Following safeguards are necessary for the protection of Liberty:

1. Eternal Vigilance – Vigilance among people is very necessary for the protection of liberty. Men should be aware of their liberty, rights and duties. If they are not aware of their responsibilities towards liberty, they will lose their liberty.

2. Democratic Government – For the development of liberty, democratic government provides an appropriate atmosphere. Democratic government is of the people and is responsible to the people. Government can be changed according to time and man has liberty to express his thoughts and views and to criticize the government. People do not let the government to limit the liberty of people.

3. Co-operation between the People and the Government – Government can protect liberty only when the people give proper co-operation to the Government. If the people do not obey the laws and do not help in apprehending the culprits, government cannot protect the liberty. The people should strongly oppose any attack on their liberty and they should support the government to suppress such elements.

4. Fundamental Rights – Fundamental Rights should be included in the constitution and there should be arrangement for the protection of those Fundamental Rights. Fundamental Rights act as a shield for the protection of freedom and create proper conditions for the enjoyment of liberty. According to some scholars, rights and liberty are the two sides of the same coin and in the absence of rights, there is no place of liberty.

5. Separation of Powers – The powers of the government should be separated among executive, legislature and the judiciary. This will help in preventing any organ of the government to become absolute. Every organ of the government will operate in its own framework.

According to Montesquieu, “separation of powers is an essential condition for the enjoyment of liberty and the countries where there is separation of powers the people enjoy more liberty.”

6. Independent Judiciary – Independent, powerful and impartial judiciary is the biggest protector of liberty. Whenever any individual, organization or government violates the liberty of an individual he/ she can knock at the door of the judiciary and where there are no such provisions, the liberty becomes just a mockery.

7. Rule of Law – For the protection of liberty, rule of law is more important than the rule of individual. Rule of law should be applicable. Man should be given punishment on breach of law. Laws should be similar and equal for each citizen. Where there is no rule of law, there only powerful and the rich will be able to enjoy the freedom and liberty of the common people will be in peril and they will not be able to get the protection of law for the protection of their liberty.

8. Absence of Special Privileges – According to Laski, “for the protection of liberty nobody should be given special privileges. Every man should have equal rights.”

If the people are given any special privileges on the basis of their caste, religion, race, or status etc., it will have negative impact on the liberty of others. Therefore, the provision of special rights is against the concept of liberty.

9. Decentralisation of Powers – Decentralization of powers is dangerous for human liberty. Therefore, decentralization of powers should be at every level.

10. Economic Security – Marxists are of the opinion that for the protection of liberty, economic security is essential. They are of the view that if the man is not made sure of the fulfilment of the needs of his future, he won't be able to enjoy his freedom. So, the provisions should be made for the fulfilment of the basic needs of foods, clothes and shelter. Important saying is that everything is futile for empty stomach meaning by that liberty has no importance for hungry man because neither he can eat liberty nor he can drink liberty. To enjoy liberty, therefore, the economic needs of an individual should be secured.

11. Honest and Free Press – Mass media which include newspapers, press, magazines, etc. are the guardians of liberty. They prevent the government from becoming irresponsible. But this is possible only when the press is honest and free. According to Prof. Laski, “The people without reliable news are sooner or later a people without the basis of freedom.”

12. Well-Organised Political Parties – Modern democratic governments are the government of political parties. Political parties contest elections and form the government. Opposition parties criticize the government and make the government responsible. All this helps in the protection of human rights and liberty. But this can be possible only when the political parties are well organised.

13. Political Education – Political awareness is necessary for the protection of civil liberty. Enlightened citizens always remain vigilant of their liberties.

According to Thomas Jefferson, “Which country can preserve its liberties., if its rulers are not warned from time to time that the people reserve the spirit of resistance.”

14. Written Constitution – Written Constitution minimises the possibility of the misuse of power. Generally, the constitution Is accepted as the supreme law of the country and if any organ of the government violates any provision of the constitution, that act is declared unconstitutional by the courts.

15. Love for Liberty – For the protection of liberty, the people should have unlimited love for liberty. If it is so, then the people would never like to lose their liberty and will be prepared to make every sacrifice for the protection of it. During the freedom struggle, lakhs of Indians had made sacrifices of their life as they went to gallows and jails for the attainment of freedom for their motherland.

Proper environment is essential for the enjoyment of liberty and the eternal vigilance among the people, democratic government, provision of fundamental rights in the constitution, separation of powers among different organs of the government, independent and impartial judiciary, rule of law, absence of special privileges, decentralization of powers, economic security, spread of education, honest and impartial press etc. are the provisions which help in creating proper environment. Besides this, whenever the government attacks the liberty of the people, the opposition parties organize the people and stop the government from doing so.