Computer - II : Previous Year Questions (2019)

PART – A

Q1. What is the use of Pivot table?

Ans.  A Pivot Table is a powerful data-summarization tool used in spreadsheet programs (like Microsoft Excel or Google Sheets) to calculate, summarize, and analyse large datasets to reveal patterns, trends, and comparisons.

Q2. What is a Primary Key?

Ans. A Primary Key in RDBMS is a unique identifier for every record in a table (e.g., Employee ID).

Q3. How many types of view are there in Control Palette?

Ans. In software like Adobe PageMaker, there are two types of views available in the Control Palette:

1. Character View: Used for formatting text (font style, size, leading, etc.).
2. Paragraph View: Used for formatting paragraphs (indentation, alignment, spacing, etc.).

Q4. Template file extension in Page Maker 6.5 is?

Ans. The template file extension in Adobe PageMaker 6.5 is .t65.

Q5. What is the unit to measure the quality of the picture?

Ans. The unit used to measure the quality (resolution) of a picture is PPI (Pixels Per Inch). Refers to the number of individual pixels contained within one inch of a digital image. A higher PPI generally results in a sharper, more detailed picture.

Q6. What is the general format of UNIX command syntax?

Ans. command [options] [arguments].

Q7. Which command is used to suppress the prompt that asks you to confirm that you want to delete the directory?

Ans. RD /S /Q [DirectoryName]

Q8. What is IF function in Excel?

Ans. In Microsoft Excel, the IF function is a logical function that allows you to make comparisons between a value and what you expect.

It tests a specific condition and returns one result if the condition is TRUE, and another result if the condition is FALSE.

Q9. What is GIF?

Ans. GIF or Graphics Interchange Format files are used for web graphics. They can be animated and are limited to only 256 colours, can allow for transparency. GIF files are typically small is size and are portable.

Q10. What is a socket?

Ans. In computer networking, a socket is one endpoint of a two-way communication link between two programs running on a network.

It is defined by the combination of an IP address and a port number, which allows data to be directed to a specific process on a specific device.

PART – B

Q11. Explain the following commands with syntax:

1. man
2. lpr
3. DOSKEY
4. EDIT

Ans.

a) man (Manual)

The man command is used in Linux/Unix systems to display the user manual of any command or utility available in the terminal. It provides a detailed description, options, and examples.

Syntax: man [command_name]

Example: man ls (displays the manual for the list command).

b) lpr (Line Print)

The lpr command is used in Linux/Unix systems to submit print jobs. It sends the specified file to the print queue to be processed by the printer.

Syntax: lpr [options] [filename]

Example: lpr document.txt (sends document.txt to the default printer).

c) DOSKEY

DOSKEY is an MS-DOS utility that stays in memory to recall previously entered commands, edit command lines, and create macros. It essentially adds a "history" feature to the command prompt, allowing you to use the arrow keys to scroll through old commands.

Syntax: DOSKEY [options]

Example: DOSKEY /history (shows all commands entered in the current session).

d) EDIT

The EDIT command launches the MS-DOS Editor, a text-based tool used to create or modify text files. It provides a simple visual interface with menus to manage files within the DOS environment.

Syntax: EDIT [filename]

Example: EDIT config.sys (opens the config.sys file for editing).

Q12. What is a Proxy Server and how do they protect the computer network?

Ans. A Proxy Server is an intermediary server or "middleman" that sits between a user's device (client) and the internet. Instead of your computer connecting directly to a website, the request is sent to the proxy server first. The proxy then makes the request on your behalf, receives the data, and passes it back to you.

Proxy servers provide security through several key mechanisms:

1. IP Address Masking (Anonymity): When a proxy server makes a request, it uses its own IP address instead of yours. This hides your network's internal structure and location from hackers and web servers, making it much harder for malicious actors to target your specific machine.
2. Firewall and Filtering: Proxies act as a barrier at the edge of the network. Administrators can set "rules" to block access to dangerous or inappropriate websites (e.g., social media or known malware sites). This prevents users from accidentally downloading malicious software.
3. Data Inspection and Encryption: Modern proxies can inspect incoming data packets for viruses or suspicious code before they ever reach the internal network. Some proxies also provide a layer of encryption, ensuring that sensitive data is scrambled and unreadable if intercepted during transmission.
4. Content Caching: A proxy saves (caches) a copy of frequently visited websites. If multiple people in a network visit the same page, the proxy serves the saved copy. This not only speeds up the connection but also reduces the network's direct exposure to the "open" internet, decreasing the risk of external attacks.

By acting as a gateway, a proxy server ensures that no direct connection is ever made between a local computer and a remote server, effectively "shielding" the internal network from external threats.

Q13. What is meant by 127.0.0.1 and local host?

Ans. 127.0.0.1 and localhost are terms used to describe the "loopback" address, which allows a computer to communicate with itself.

Localhost is a hostname that refers to the current device you are using. Just as google.com points to Google's servers, localhost points to your own machine. It is used by developers and network administrators to test software and services locally without needing a live internet connection.

127.0.0.1 is the specific IPv4 address assigned to the localhost. While "localhost" is the name, "127.0.0.1" is the actual numerical address. When you type "localhost" into a browser, the system's "hosts" file translates that name into the IP address 127.0.0.1.

When a computer sends data to 127.0.0.1, the network request does not leave the physical machine or reach the local area network (LAN). Instead, the operating system "loops" the data back to the computer's own TCP/IP stack.

Some of its key uses are:

1. Software Testing: Developers run web servers on their own computers to test websites before making them public.
2. System Diagnostics: Network tools use the loopback address to verify if the computer's internal network card and software are functioning correctly.
3. Security: Some applications use localhost to ensure that sensitive data is only accessible from within the machine itself, blocking external access.

Q14. Explain the following functions with syntax:

1. COUNTIF
2. Concatenate
3. VLookup
4. SUMIF

Ans.

a) COUNTIF

The COUNTIF function is used to count the number of cells within a specific range that meet a single given criterion.

Syntax: =COUNTIF(range, criteria)

Example: =COUNTIF(A1:A10, ">50") counts how many cells in the range A1 to A10 contain a value greater than 50.

b) CONCATENATE

The CONCATENATE function (or the newer CONCAT / TEXTJOIN) is used to join two or more text strings into one single string.

Syntax: =CONCATENATE(text1, [text2], ...)

Example: =CONCATENATE("Hello", " ", "World") results in "Hello World".

c) VLOOKUP

VLOOKUP (Vertical Lookup) is used to search for a specific value in the first column of a table and return a value in the same row from a specified column.

Syntax: =VLOOKUP(lookup_value, table_array, col_index_num, [range_lookup])

Example: =VLOOKUP(101, A2:C10, 2, FALSE) looks for the ID "101" in column A and returns the corresponding value from the second column (column B).

d) SUMIF

The SUMIF function is used to add the values in a range that meet a specific condition or criteria.

Syntax: =SUMIF(range, criteria, [sum_range])

Example: =SUMIF(A1:A10, "Apple", B1:B10) looks for the word "Apple" in cells A1 through A10 and sums the corresponding values in cells B1 through B10.

PART – C

Q15. What are the various ways to connect networking nodes? Describe suitable diagram.

Ans. Connecting networking nodes refers to the network topology, which is the physical or logical layout of how devices (nodes) are linked to one another.

A Network Topology is the arrangement with which computer systems or network devices are connected to each other. Topologies may define both physical and logical aspect of the network. Both logical and physical topologies could be same or different in a same network.

Types of Network Topology –

Various types of network topologies include: -

1. Point-to-Point Topology –

Point-to-point networks contains exactly two hosts such as computer, switches or routers, servers connected back to back using a single piece of cable. Often, the receiving end of one host is connected to sending end of the other and vice-versa.

If the hosts are connected point-to-point logically, then may have multiple intermediate devices. But the end hosts are unaware of underlying network and see each other as if they are connected directly.

2. Bus Topology –

In case of Bus topology, all devices share single communication line or cable. Bus topology may have problem while multiple hosts sending data at the same time. Therefore, Bus topology either uses CSMA/CD technology or recognizes one host as Bus Master to solve the issue. It is one of the simple forms of networking where a failure of a device does not affect the other devices. But failure of the shared communication line can make all other devices stop functioning.

Both ends of the shared channel have line terminator. The data is sent in only one direction and as soon as it reaches the extreme end, the terminator removes the data from the line.

3. Star Topology –

All hosts in Star topology are connected to a central device, known as hub device, using a point to-point connection. That is, there exists a point to point connection between hosts and hub. The hub device can be any of the following:

• Layer-1 device such as hub or repeater
• Layer-2 device such as switch or bridge
• Layer-3 device such as router or gateway

As in Bus topology, hub acts as single point of failure. If hub fails, connectivity of all hosts to all other hosts fails. Every communication between hosts, takes place through only the hub. Star topology is not expensive as to connect one more host, only one cable is required and configuration is simple.

4. Ring Topology –

In ring topology, each host machine connects to exactly two other machines, creating a circular network structure. When one host tries to communicate or send message to a host which is not adjacent to it, the data travels through all intermediate hosts. To connect one more host in the existing structure, the administrator may need only one more extra cable. Failure of any host results in failure of the whole ring. Thus, every connection in the ring is a point of failure. There are methods which employ one more backup ring.

5. Mesh Topology –

In this type of topology, a host is connected to one or multiple hosts. This topology has hosts in point-to-point connection with every other host or may also have hosts which are in point-to point connection to few hosts only.

Hosts in Mesh topology also work as relay for other hosts which do not have direct point-to point links.

Mesh technology comes into two types:

• Full Mesh: All hosts have a point-to-point connection to every other host in the network. Thus for every new host n(n-1)/2 connections are required. It provides the most reliable network structure among all network topologies.
• Partially Mesh: Not all hosts have point-to-point connection to every other host. Hosts connect to each other in some arbitrarily fashion. This topology exists where we need to provide reliability to some hosts out of all.

6. Tree Topology –

Also known as Hierarchical Topology, this is the most common form of network topology in use presently. This topology imitates as extended Star topology and inherits properties of bus topology.

This topology divides the network in to multiple levels/layers of network. Mainly in LANs, a network is bifurcated into three types of network devices. The lowermost is access-layer where computers are attached. The middle layer is known as distribution layer, which works as mediator between upper layer and lower layer. The highest layer is known as core layer, and is central point of the network, i.e. root of the tree from which all nodes fork.

All neighbouring hosts have point-to-point connection between them. Similar to the Bus topology, if the root goes down, then the entire network suffers. Even though it is not the single point of failure. Every connection serves as point of failure, failing of which divides the network into unreachable segment.

7. Daisy Chain –

This topology connects all the hosts in a linear fashion. Similar to Ring topology, all hosts are connected to two hosts only, except the end hosts. Means, if the end hosts in daisy chain are connected then it represents Ring topology.

Each link in daisy chain topology represents single point of failure. Every link failure splits the network into two segments. Every intermediate host works as relay for its immediate hosts.

8. Hybrid Topology –

A network structure whose design contains more than one topology is said to be hybrid topology. Hybrid topology inherits merits and demerits of all the incorporating topologies.

The combining topologies may contain attributes of Star, Ring, Bus, and Daisy-chain topologies. Most WANs are connected by means of Dual-Ring topology and networks connected to them are mostly Star topology networks. Internet is the best example of largest Hybrid topology.

Q16. What is the Difference between ARP and RARP? Differentiate between Router, Gateway, Switch and Hub.

Ans.

ARP vs. RARP:

Both protocols are used to map addresses between the Data Link Layer (MAC address) and the Network Layer (IP address).

Networking Devices: Hub, Switch, Router, and Gateway

These devices operate at different layers of the OSI model and possess varying levels of "intelligence."

Hub (Layer 1 - Physical)

A basic connectivity point. When data arrives at one port, it is broadcast to all other ports. It doesn't inspect data; it just repeats signals. It is low in efficiency, as it creates high network traffic and collisions.

Switch (Layer 2 - Data Link)

Connects devices on a single local network (LAN). It learns the MAC addresses of connected devices. Its efficiency is high. It sends data only to the specific port where the destination device is located.

Router (Layer 3 - Network)

Connects different networks together (e.g., connecting your home LAN to the Internet). It uses IP addresses and routing tables to find the best path for data. It is essential for inter-network communication.

Gateway (Layers 4-7 or All Layers)

Acts as a "translator" between two networks using different protocols. It handles protocol conversion and security (often combined with firewalls). If a Router is the door between two rooms, a Gateway is the interpreter between two people speaking different languages.

Q17. What are the components of Multimedia? Describe various types of Multimedia Applications.

Ans. The term Multimedia is a linguistic blend of two words: "Multi," meaning many, and "Media," referring to the material or medium through which information is transmitted or sent. It is defined as the integration of various media elements, such as text, graphics, audio, and video, to present information in a more effective, engaging, and attractive manner.

Components of Multimedia

Multimedia is comprised of five primary elements that work in synergy to represent data:

1. Text

The most common medium for representing information It is primarily utilised for titles, headlines, and navigation menus.

Common extensions include .DOC and .TXT.

Software: Microsoft Word, Notepad, and WordPad.

2. Audio

Encompasses speech and music to increase the "understandability" and clarity of concepts. The MP3 format is the industry standard for storing compressed sound and music.

Software: QuickTime, RealPlayer, and Windows Media Player.

3. Graphics

The foundation of every multimedia presentation, making concepts more presentable and professional. Often viewed via Windows Picture viewer or web browsers like Internet Explorer.

Software: Adobe Photoshop is a leading tool for editing graphics to make them more attractive.

4. Video

A combination of moving pictures with synchronized sound. It is considered the most effective way to communicate, as it saves time and enhances presentation. The MPEG (Moving Pictures Experts Group) format is widely used for video files.

5. Animation

The process of altering images in a sequence so they appear as moving pictures to the human eye. It shows a specific number of frames per second to produce the effect of motion.

Applications of Multimedia

Nowadays the applications of Multimedia are observed in various fields such as Education, Entertainment, Business and so on. To communicate the message in the form of picture, sound, video, animation is the primary role of multimedia. Some of the application of multimedia are as follows:

1. Business and Engineering

1. Videoconferencing: Enables real-time audio and video communication between distant locations, saving time and money.
2. Marketing: Used to create dynamic advertisements on television and the internet.
3. Engineering: Tools are used for designing and testing new products and components.

2. Entertainment

1. Movies: Multimedia enables special effects and high-action sequences that were previously impossible.
2. Gaming: Provides immersive experiences through 3-D effects and high-quality sound.

3. Education and "Edutainment"

1. Edutainment: A hybrid of education and entertainment that makes learning engaging for students.
2. Interactive Multimedia: Applications that allow users to actively participate rather than being passive recipients of information.

Multimedia in Foreign Language Learning

Multimedia creates a rich, interactive environment that simulates real-life language use, through features like native speaker conversations, visual context, and interactive exercises, ultimately enhancing comprehension, pronunciation, and fluency. It addresses all four core skills: listening, speaking, reading, and writing.

Key Benefits in Language Acquisition

1. Natural Exposure: Podcasts and online news provide exposure to native accents and colloquialisms.
2. Visual Context: Images and videos provide cues that help learners understand new vocabulary and cultural nuances.
3. Pronunciation Mastery: Audio clips allow learners to mimic native speakers, while speech recognition software provides instant feedback.
4. Adaptive Learning: Digital tools allow students to adjust the pace and difficulty level to suit their individual needs.

Essential Tools

1. Language Apps: Feature gamified elements and flashcards.
2. VR/AR: Immersive environments for practicing speaking in simulated real-world scenarios.
3. Exchange Platforms: Video call services that connect learners directly with native speakers globally.

Q18. What is DBMS? Explain how to create a database and a report of a table in MS-Access.

Ans. A DBMS is a software suite designed to store, retrieve, and manage data in a database. It serves as an interface between the users and the data, ensuring that information is organized, secure, and easily accessible.

Key functions include:

1. Data Integrity: Ensuring data remains accurate and consistent.
2. Data Security: Controlling who can access or modify the information.
3. Concurrency: Allowing multiple users to access the data simultaneously without errors.

MS-Access is a Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) that combines the relational Microsoft Jet Database Engine with a graphical user interface.

To start a new project in MS-Access, follow these steps:

1. Launch MS-Access: Open the application from your Start menu.
2. Select Template: On the startup screen, click on Blank Database.
3. Name the File: In the "File Name" box, type a name for your database (e.g., School_Records).
4. Choose Location: Click the folder icon to select where you want to save the file.
5. Create: Click the Create button. Access will open a new database with an empty table named Table1.

A report is an object in MS-Access used to format, calculate, and print data.

1. Select the Source: In the Navigation Pane, click on the Table (or Query) that contains the data you want to display in your report.
2. Access the Create Tab: Go to the Create tab on the Ribbon.
3. Choose Report Tool:
   • For an instant report: Click the Report button. Access automatically generates a basic report layout.
   • For customized reports: Click Report Wizard. This walks you through choosing specific fields, grouping data, and selecting a layout (e.g., Tabular or Columnar).
4. Format and Save: Once the report is generated, you can switch to Layout View to adjust column widths or Design View for advanced formatting.
5. Print/View: Click Print Preview to see how the report will look on paper, then click Save and give it a name.